This article contains an integrative review of the academic
literature on sub-group issues in leadership as
they pertain to the Canadian Forces (CF). First, background
information and definitions are provided. Then,
the current Canadian employment equity legislation is
explained, including how it applies to the CF. Following
this, a model of token dynamics in organizations is presented
and used as a framework for a review of the
research on sub-group issues in leadership. The issues
that are discussed include tokenism, jobholder schemas,
occupational segregation, prejudice and discrimination,
organizational cultures and cultural adaptation,
ingroup/outgroup dynamics, and stressors and the
negative outcomes that result from them. Examples of
the application of the research results to the CF are
provided throughout. Some of the possible interventions
that can be utilized to alleviate the problems that
arise from these dynamics are then presented. Finally,
the best strategies for integrating diversity into the military
are discussed.